Comparison Of Land Line And Mobile Phones

Comparison Of Land Line And Mobile Phones No one can ever forget Alexander Graham Bell, who is credited as the inventor of Telephone. With innovation and advancement in technology, the simple two way communicating device has taken a new form popularly known as mobile phone. We have reached an era where it is very common to hear words like I cant live without mobile phone. Cell phone has become a part of our daily life.. Let it be business deals, any personal work or meetings everything today can be done with the help of mobile phone. A Mobile Phone, Cell Phone or Hand Phone is an electronic device which lets the user to be mobile and make or receive telephone calls across a wide geographical area, served by many public cells. The calls could be made to and received from either a fixed line or another mobile. Mobile phone uses a wireless network for communication i.e. a network which is which is not connected by cables of any kind. Base Station (BS).Each base station is in turn is connected to a central hub and is controlled by this switching office, also known as Mobile Switching Center (MSC). MSC is nothing else but a computerized center that is responsible for connecting calls, recording call information and billing. The communication between all the base stations and the telephone central office is coordinated by MSC. PSTN connects all conventional telephone switching centers with MSCs throughout the world. Also, the cell size is not fixed and can be increased or decreased depending on the population of the area. Generally, the radius is kept 1 to 12 mi. In comparison to low density areas, high density areas require more geographically smaller cells to meet the traffic demands. Once the cell is determined, the cell size is optimized so that the adjacent cells signals are not interfered. For this purpose, the transmission power of each cell is kept low to prevent its signal from interfering with those of other cells. Block Diagram of cellular Network Difference between Fixed Line and Mobile Phone In case of public switched telephone network (PSTN), the landline trunked lines (trunks) are used for transfer of information. These trunks comprise of fiber optic cables, copper cables, microwave links and satellite links. The network configuration in the PSTN is virtually static as the changes in the network connections would be required only when the subscriber would change the residence. Wireless networks, on the other hand are highly dynamic, wherein the network configuration is to be rearranged every time the subscriber moves into the coverage region of new base station. Unlike fixed networks which are difficult to change, wireless networks must reconfigure themselves for users within small intervals of time (on the fraction of seconds) to provide roaming and imperceptible handoffs between calls as a mobiles moves about. The available channel bandwidth for fixed networks can be increased by installing high capacity cables whereas wireless networks are constrained by RF cellular bandwidth provided for each user. Frequency Reuse Principle Increasing the capacity and coverage area is the key feature of any cellular network and this can be accomplished by re-using the frequency. It is true that to avoid interference, neighboring cells should not use same frequency but as the frequencies available is limited, they can be reused. A frequency reuse pattern is nothing else but a collection of N cells arranged together where N is the reuse factor, in which each cell uses a unique set of frequencies. The frequencies can be reused whenever the pattern is repeated. F1,F2, F3,and F4 in the above diagram define the pattern with the reuse factor of 4.The cells that use the same frequencies(ones with the same frequency number) are known as reusing cells. Transmitting and Receiving Calls Whenever user makes a call from cell phone, the mobile station searches for a band with a strong signal to setup a channel and send the data to the closest base station using that channel. The base station then connects to Mobile Switching Center (MSC) and passes the data to it. MSC further passes the data to the telephone central office. A connection is established and result is sent back to MSC, if the called party is available. At this point MSC assigns an unused voice channel to the call and mobile station automatically adjusts its tuning to the new channel so that communication can take place. Whenever a call is made to a mobile phone , the central office of the telephone from where the call has been initiated sends the number to the MSC.MSC in turn sends the query signals to each cell in process to find out the location of mobile station. This process is called paging. Once the mobile station is found MSC sends the ringing signal to it and after the station answers, a voice channel is assigned to the call for the communication to begin. Handoff The process of transferring the connected or on going call from one channel to another in order to prevent the termination of call is known as Handoff or Handover. Whenever the mobile station moves from one cell to another and signal becomes weak, handover is required. MSC monitors the level of signal every few seconds and if it finds the strength of signal diminishing then it searches for a new cell wherein better communication can take place. There are two types of handoff: Hard Handoff: In this case, a mobile station communicates only with one base station. When the mobile station moves from one cell to another, the connection with the target cell is established only when the connection from the source is broken. Thus, such handovers are also known as break-before-make. Soft Handoff: In this case, a mobile station can communicate with two base stations so there is no need of breaking from the source cell to make a connection to a target cell. Instead, a mobile station may continue with a new connection while retaining the older one for a while. Thus, such handovers are known as make-before-break. Access Technologies Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): FDMA is a technique in which the spectrum is divided into frequencies and is assigned to users. The channel is assigned to only one subscriber or user at a time i.e. A channel will remain blocked until the call which was initially made has completed. A full duplex FDMA requires two channels, one for sending or transmitting the data and another for receiving. FDMA technology was used in first generation systems, which were analog systems. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): TDMA splits each frequency into time slots thus improving spectrum capacity. In TDMA technology, each user is allowed to access the entire radio frequency channel for the short period of a call. The same frequency channel can be shared by other users as well at different time slots. The base station continually switches from user to user on the channel. The second generation mobile cellular network is dominated by TDMA. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): CDMA simply means communicating with different codes. It allows all the users to occupy all channels at the same time thus increasing the spectrum capacity. Each voice or data call is assigned a unique code, so that calls could be differentiated from each other while being carried over the same spectrum. In case of CDMA terminals can communicate with various base stations using the feature known as soft hand-off. Mobile Generations: Evolution from 1G to 3G With the rapid advances in technology and the greater selection of new wireless services and applications the mobile has grown through various generations fulfilling the increasing demands of its users. First Generation (1G) mobile phones were analog which had only voice facility. Additional facilities like messaging and data services, fax were introduced in digital phones known as Second Generation (2G) mobile phones. The third generation mobile phones (3G) which are being talked about a lot nowadays, includes high speed of internet browsing, picture and video messaging facilities. In short, multimedia facilities when added to the second generation mobiles (2G) gave birth to the third Generation mobile phones. First Generation Mobile System: The cellular networks were introduced in 1980s and since then it has not stopped growing. The first generation mobiles were analog systems with the capability of transmitting at the speed of 9.6 kbps max. At that time there was no worldwide coordination for the development of technical standards worldwide. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was invented in Bell Labs and was installed in United States in 1982.When used in England and Japan it was known as TACS and MCS-L1.In 1G mobile systems roaming was not possible and efficient use of frequency spectrum was not there. Second Generation Mobile System: ETSI was created in Europe in mid 1980s to standardize the mobile communication sector. This standardization lead to the beginning of new network which was based on digital technology and popularly known as Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM).GSM was actually introduced to add more services to the actual network as well as meet the requirements of data traffic. GSM consists of the following three main components: 1. Base Station Subsystem 2.Network Subsystem 3.Network Management System Base Station Subsystem: It consists of Base Transreceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controller (BSC) and Transcoder sub-multiplexer (TCSM).BTS is the network component that manages the interface between mobile station and the network. Mobile terminals are connected to the BTS through the air interface. BTS makes use of omnidirectional or directional antennas for transmission and reception. BSC provides major functions like handover and managing radio resources. Network Subsystem: Network subsystem is basically an interface between the public network and GSM network. All the communication between mobile users and other users (ISDN, fixed, mobile) is managed by NSS. The databases of subscriber and is also kept with NSS to manage users mobility. Various components of NSS are described below: 1) Mobile Switching Center (MSC): It is the most important component that performs switching functions necessary for interconnections between mobile users and other users (fixed or mobile). 2) GMSC: To connect the cellular network with PSTN, a gateway known as GMSC is used. 3) Home Location Register (HLR): All the information about the subscriber such as the coverage area, services provided to the user, current location and mobile equipment status etc is maintained in this register. The database remains same until the termination of subscription. 4) Visitor Location Register (VLR): The information of subscriber is uploaded in this register whenever he enters the coverage region so that necessary services could be provided to him. VLR of the new region is updated with the database whenever the subscriber moves to the new region. VLR is dynamic in nature as it keeps the data of the subscriber temporarily and interacts with HLR for recording the data. 5) Authentication Center (AUC): It takes care of the security by providing standards for encryption and authentication of users. Encryption key is kept in mobile equipment as well as AUC to protect the network from unauthorized access. 6) Equipment Identity Register (EIR): All mobiles are identified using IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number which is written on the battery of the phone. EIR keeps the list of all valid IMEI number and whenever a call is initiated, the network checks the IMEI number and call is connected if the number is valid. No calls are allowed from unauthorized terminals. 7) GSM Interworking Unit (GIWU): GIWU is an element or a unit that is a combination of hardware and software and synchronizes the information. It lets the user to choose between message and speech mode by acting as an interface to different networks. Network Management System: The third element of GSM basically monitors the different elements and functions of the network. It performs the following main tasks: 1. Network Monitoring 2. Network Development 3. Network Measurement 4. Fault Management NMS continuously monitors the performance of the network to ensure it runs smoothly. The performance can be measured by collecting the data from the individual elements for analysis and storing it in the database. The network operator can then compare the data collected in the database with the one which was actually expected. If any fault occurs, the fault alarm is generated .These faults are then required to be corrected either by NMS or manually. Interfaces in GSM Different interfaces are used in GSM. These are Air , Abis and A interface.Air interface is an interface between Mobile station and Base Transreceiver Station (BTS),Abis connects Base Transreceiver Station (BTS) to Base Station Controller (BSC), and A interface is the one which is present between TCSM and MSC. GSM Architecture Value added services such as voice mail and short message services (sms) were added to GSM along with intelligent services like Pre-paid and fraud management. Later on, GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) was introduced so that packet switched data service could be provided. SGSN (Serving GPRS) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS) were new elements which were introduced in the existing system so that packets could be sent to air interface. IP routers, firewall servers and Domain name servers were also used along with these elements. Finally, to increase the data rate better coding methods were used. Third Generation Mobile System http://it.med.miami.edu/x1645.xml

Positive behaviour Essay

2. Be able to support positive behaviour 2.1 Describe the benefits of encouraging and rewarding positive behaviour: Rewarding positive behaviour comes with many benefits. The main benefit is that it encourages the child to behave in an acceptable way as they will want to receive the rewards for doing so such as stickers, or being able to choose a story/activity. With the children behaving in the correct way the atmosphere of the nursery is going to be much more pleasant and relaxed and allow the nursery assistants to teach and carry out activities effectively without any disruptions, meaning the children will be receiving high quality levels of education and care. This also relates to home atmosphere as well. If a child is being brought up in an encouraging and rewarding environment rather than one focused on punishments for bad behaviour the child is going to come to nursery and carry on with their good behaviour and know what is expected of them, and thus the consistency is imperative. Another benefit is that the children are learning from each other so by seeing a child being rewarded for good behaviour, it is going to make them want to behave in the same way so that they can also receive rewards. Children may try to use bad behaviour as a way to gain attention from their teachers so it is very important that you give them attention when they are behaving in the proper way, so that they learn to stop the bad behaviour as it will not give them the attention the want. By praising and encouraging the children, it will make the children feel good about themselves and become more confident and encourage them to work harder in the future.

Adolescence

Adult Development: Early passions and long-term development The Journey through infancy, childhood, and adolescence significantly impacts the development that takes place during a person's adulthood. There are many aspects in a person's early life that will carry on to further characterization and identity. Patterns and themes begin to evolve at a young stage in a person's life and they will often carry on to be their dominant characteristics. A dominant characteristic can often be an indication of what someone will be like upon full maturity or adulthood.This explains why it is often beneficial to research a person's personal background before Judging their future. Judging by my dominant characteristics during my childhood combined with the influence the people whom I am close to am I able to make educated guesses to what I will accomplish in the future. When reflecting on my childhood, I am reminded of the lessons I have learned and each on in its appropriate time. Upon my reflecti on, I have found that my passions during my younger days have developed into more matured ideas and dreams now.Theorist Erik Erikson contends, â€Å"each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution† (Myers, 2010, p. 196). During a person's life, their adolescence is vital in properly maturing. The mind of a youth is constantly questioning where they came from, what is their purpose, and who are they meant to be in the future. Erikson discusses the problems that may have already occurred before someone's years of adolescence: Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt, initiative vs. guilt, and industry vs. inferiority.If these problems are not addressed before adolescence it ay have a serious toll on that person's long-term future. I strongly believe that a child's environment will greatly influence the way they view both the world and themselves. â€Å"Some adolescence form their identity early, simply by adopting their parents' values and expect ations† (Myers, 2012, pg. 197). Without moral stability in their early years, it will not be able to provide a smooth transition from adolescence to adulthood. What enters the brain as a child has been shown to remain with who they will come to be in their matured character.If it is not stable, it will continue on n their life to more inner conflicts that Erikson presents: Intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. It is beneficial for a person to learn the necessary lessons at the appropriate time rather than learning it throughout a different life phase where it may not come as easily. Throughout my childhood I had an ability to notice the injustice in the world yet have a deep desire to change it and pursue truth. I have been a dancer since the age of three.I competed at a very high level and I had achieved top rankings in the world hampionships by the time I was eleven. Over the years of my dancing career, the idea of constantly being J udged would scare me. As a young girl, I would cave under any pressure outside of the dance studio due to the slight chance that I would not be good enough. This has always led to me to wonder how others must feel. Do those who are less fortunate feel this way? From an early age I developed a heart for those who teel worthless. I was blessed to nave the confirmation ot those who loved me that they would support me no matter what I did.The influence that my parents had n me taught me that you must love someone for who they are and not what they do; I learned this lesson very early on and it has been extremely beneficial to my adolescent years. Regarding my future, I believe God has called me to be a youth justice lawyer. I want to be a voice to a young broken heart that feels as though they are only being Judged on their actions. I firmly believe that passion for troubled youth comes directly from my childhood heart to seek Justice, truth, and acceptance. Childhood neglect is a very large problem in todays households.

Analysis Of Voltaire s Candide - 964 Words

Candide is a French satire that was first published in 1759 by Voltaire, who was a philosopher during the Enlightenment Age. It is a story about a young man, Candide, who is a follower of Leibnizian optimism. Candide witnesses and experiences many hardships in the world that puts his life at risk and tests the strength of his beliefs. During Candide’s many adventures, he faces many historical events that Voltaire uses to simplify subtle philosophies and cultural traditions, by highlighting their many flaws. This essay will discuss the ways that the various context of settings work in a satirical literature. Throughout the story, Voltaire uses optimisms folly as his main satirical target. The characters Candide and his philosophy professor Pangloss are devoted followers of the Leibnizian teachings of optimism. They both maintain that, â€Å"everything is for the best in this best of all possible worlds†. (CITE). This idea is a simplified version of many philosophies from a number of Enlightenment philosophers, most notably Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. To many of these thinkers, the presence of any evil in the world is a sign that God is not entirely good, or is not at all powerful. But, the idea of an imperfect God is irrational. These philosophers established that since God is perfect, the world he created must also be perfect, and that those who perceive the worlds imperfections simply to do not understand Gods grand plan. Since Voltaire doesn’t accept the idea of a perfectShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Voltaire s Candide 941 Words   |  4 PagesIn Candide, Voltaire introduces many different characters, some which represent the implementation of mockery and sarcasm. The role of Pangloss in particular embodies this portrayal of satire towards the Enlightenment. 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Even though Pangloss stuck to his views that everythingRead MoreEl Dorado s Candide : The Utopia That Wasn t. Candide1868 Words   |  8 PagesEl Dorado in Candide: The Utopia That Wasn t Candide was a novel published in 1759 by Francois-Marie Arouet, known best by the pseudonym â€Å"Voltaire†. It was written primarily to satirize German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz s â€Å"theodicy†, which was a philosophy Leibniz designed to explain why evil exists in the world. He maintained that we live in the â€Å"best of all possible worlds†, an idea Voltaire dismantled in Candide with biting attacks on philosophy, religion, politics, and social order. OneRead MoreComparing The Historical And Intellectual Circumstances Surrounding The Writing Of Two3390 Words   |  14 Pagesthrough the use of their characters and using critical analysis to determine whether each play was successful in its purpose. Dada was a movement born out of a pool of avant-garde artists, poets, writers and filmmakers that began in 1916 in Zurich, Switzerland. The first major anti-art movement’s home was established at the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich and was appropriately named after Voltaire, an eighteenth century French satirist, whose play Candide mocked the absurdities and stupidities of his societyRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesnovel is sometimes used interchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical. The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96,[8] or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland s Geschichte des Agathon of 1767.[9] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe’s novel