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Famous George Orwell Novel 1984 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 730 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: 1984 Essay Did you like this example? Imagine a society where the thoughts, emotions, and actions of every human are supervised by the government, and there is absolutely no freedom. This is a common theme for a dystopian society, as represented in the famous George Orwell novel, 1984. The Party had the power to control all humanity inside of Oceania. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Famous George Orwell Novel 1984" essay for you Create order Winston Smith and his beloved coworker, Julia, are against them in light of the fact that they feel discontent about the oppression and inflexible control of the Party. In the novel, they work together in an attempt to overthrow the Party, until they unfortunately realize it may be best to embrace the Partys doctrine once they come upon OBrien, a powerful member of the Brotherhood. Winston, along with all of the other residents of Oceania, are constantly watched by Big Brother, the government. The constant watch is kept on him by a telescreen, which is always monitoring not only his every action and word, but his facial expressions as well. The slightest notion through appearance or gesture against the Party, who support Big Brother, could automatically mean death, or maybe a much worse torture. He must appear to be a member of the Party in every aspect, and the Thought Police are always there to enforce that loyalty. (LSCHS) This allows us to imagine the cruel, totalitarian society Winston lives in, and just how selfish and power-hungry the government is. It is evident that anybody living under these circumstances would rather be elsewhere. If there is hope, it lies in the proles. (Orwell 89) This quote means that Winston believed that if they could all come together, they would be strong enough to destroy the Party since the proles make up eighty-five percent of the population of Oceania. If they chose they could blow the Party to pieces tomorrow morning. (Orwell 89) He does not think the Party can be overthrown from within. In addition, the proles are given freedom and have no connection with the Party because they are seen as the lower social class, meaning they are not important enough to pay much attention to. However, this concept becomes less significant later in the novel once Winston and Julia meet OBrien. OBrien wants to make Winston perfect in the Partys image to save him, by bringing torture unto him. If Winston could perhaps become rehabilitated, it was believed that he would be clean from preexisting thoughtcrime. Different torturous techniques he suffered were threats, degradation, starvation, and many others. However, this was not for Winstons sake, but for the Partys to prevent it from becoming corrupt. In addition, it would turn out that Winston was being watched for many years by OBrien and there was his chance to catch him, and to brain wash him into thinking what the Party wants him to think. The author uses this power struggle to enhance the meaning of the story. 1984, which was written in 1949, was intended to warn its readers in Western nations of the dangers of totalitarian government, or communism. This was important at the time due to the fact that the Cold War was at the verge of escalating. However, communism would begin to spread more rapidly later on. The pre-war international system had collapsed, causing the USA to face an enormously strengthened Communist USSR across large stretches of Europe and even vaster stretches of the non-European world, whose political future seemed uncertain except that in this explosive and unstable world anything that happened was more likely than not to weaken both capitalism and the USA, and to strengthen the power which came into existence by and for revolution. (Hobsbawm 231) In conclusion, George Orwells 1984 is about the dystopian, totalitarian society in Oceania. A totalitarian government us defined as a government that has almost complete control over the lives of its citizens and does not allow freedom to oppose them. (Cambridge English Dictionary) It describes Winston and the other citizens struggle trying to cope with living in such a society, trying to avoid getting caught and executed, and trying to escape its rule. It was written to inform readers about what might happen in the event that communism spreads across the world during the Cold War. Winston never actually became free from the Party, instead he was only deceived into changing his opinion on the Party, and when that didnt work, he had many more unfortunate things in store for him.

Jahangir Free Essays

Sedimentary rocks in Pakistan range in age from Precambrian to Miocene i. e from oldest to youngest on the geological time scale form 542 million years to latest. Luckily for geoscientists all of them are exposed in different parts of the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Jahangir or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lithologically they constitute sandstone, limestone, shale and mixed lithologies of them all. These rocks are exposed all along the mountain ranges from Islamabad in north to Karachi in the south. Igneous rocks are exposed north of Peshawar or only at Nagarparker in the southeastern corner of the country. You better study ‘Stratigraphy and historical geology of Pakistan’ by Kazmi and Abbasi (2008), which will provide you a full knowledge about the rocks in Pakistan. ‘Geology and tectonics of Pakistan’ by Kazmi and Jan (1997) also gives details of distribution of ores and minerals in different parts of the country. Names [de] Mergel [en] marl Description Marl is a sedimentary rock made of clay and limestone, which belongs to the family of pelitic rocks (clays 0. 02 mm, the fine particles in water sales) and a carbonate is a variety of mudstone. The rocks can be both clastic and chemical-biogenic origin. The carbonate can be washed in as detritus, often goes back to the carbonate skeletons of plankton or biochemically precipitated calcite. On the seabed to collect layers of calcite and clay sediments, which are becoming more powerful over time and compacted by the weight of younger sediments onlay. Furthermore, responding in the sediment pore solution with the mineral matter and the sediment is gradually changing into a rock. The trivial term ruin marble (also landscape marble) refers to limestone and marl (as calcitic overprinted mud stones). Color reen, brown, beige and gray – grayish white Grain Size very fine grained sandstone are deposit in southern California Igneous Rock Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock (magma) cools and solidifies, with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks. This magma can be derived from either the Earth’s mantle or pre-existing rocks made molt en by extreme temperature and pressure changes. Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them formed beneath the surface of the Earth’s crust. The word â€Å"igneous† is derived from the Latin ignis, meaning â€Å"fireGujarat has vast resources of marble in Banaskantha. Bharuch. Vadodara. Kaclichh and Panchmahal †¦ In Uttarakhand. thick impersistent bands of white marble occur inBasalt is a very common igneous rock. In fact it is the most common rock in the Earth’s crust. Almost all oceanic crust is made of basalt and basalt is a common extrusion from many volcanic regions around the world. It forms from the melting of the upper mantle and its chemistry closely resembles the upper mantle’s composition. It is generally silica poor and iron and magnesium rich. Basalt originates from â€Å"hot spot† volcanoes, massive basalt flows and mid oceanic ridges. Uses of Basalt Basalt is used for a wide variety of purposes. It is most commonly crushed for use as an aggregate in construction projects. Crushed basalt is used for road base, concrete aggregate, asphalt pavement aggregate, railroad ballast, filter stone in drain fields and may other purposes. Basalt is also cut into dimension stone. Thin slabs of basalt are cut and sometimes polished for use as floor tiles, building veneer, monuments and other stone objects. Rock Salt? Rock Salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters. It is also known by the mineral name â€Å"halite†. It is rarely found at Earth’s surface, except in areas of very arid climate. It is often mined for use in the chemical industry or for use as a winter highway treatment. Some halite is processed for use as a seasoning for food. Rock Salt: The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across. | | | | | | Minerals Marl nearly consists of equal numbers clays and calcite or dolomite. Furthermore quartz, mica, pyrite and gypsum may be present. Occurences Marl occurs worldwide, the variety ruin marble in Italy (near Florence), Austria, Czech Republic and Pakistan. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Broader Terms carbonate sedimentary rocks Narrower Terms Austria-marl France-marl Germany-marl Italy-marl Dolomite Dolomite was first described by the French mineralogist Deodat de Dolomieu in 1791 from its occurrence in a range of the southern Alps. The rock was given the name dolomite by de Saussure, and today the mountains themselves are called the Dolomites. What Dolomieu noticed was that dolomite looks like limestone, but unlike limestone it does not bubble when treated with weak acid. The mineral responsible is also called dolomite. Dolomite is very significant in the petroleum business because it forms underground by the alteration of calcite limestone. This chemical change is marked by a reduction in volume and by recrystallization, which combine to produce open space (porosity) in the rock strata. Porosity creates avenues for oil to travel and reservoirs for oil to collect. Naturally, this alteration of limestone is called dolomitization, and the reverse alteration is called dedolomitization. Both are still somewhat mysterious problems in sedimentary geology. The most commonly found Sedimentary rocks are, Limestone, Sandstone, Shale, Mudstone, Siltstone, Marlstone and Claystone. These rocks are found in Kirthar Range, Sulaiman Range, Makran range, Bhitanni Range, Pab Range, Salt range and many other places of Balochistan province and NWFP and Kashmir. Igneous rocks are found in Chagai volcanic arch and magmetic belt (Balochistan bordering Iran and Afghanistan). Metamorphic and igneous rocks are also found in the Karakoram Himalayan Crystalline belt (northern part of Pakistan including Swat, Hazara, Kaghan valley, Attock, Khyber area, Mingora, Kashmir, Chitral, Gilgit and Hunza valley. Granite of Igneous origin is also found in the southeastern corner of Pakistan, in Nagarparker area. Sandstone And Quartzite Physical Properties| Chemical Properties| Sandstone  is a sedimentary rock composed essentially of quartz grains cemented by siliceous, felspathic, calcareous cementing matters. The durability and strength of these rocks depend on the cementing material. The best quality sandstone, for building purpose, should be of fine grain and uniform texture. The colour of the sandstone may be either white, grey, yellow, buff, brown or red Sandstone is the youngest of the quartz-based stones, which eventually turns into quartzite as the sandstone is subjected to heat and pressure. Textures within the sandstone layers such as cross-bedding, ripple marks, and mud cracks, are clues to the origin of the layers as shallow, inter-tidal or delta sediments. The colors of sandstone depend on the mineral contents and impurities in the sand. Generally, the sandstone is available in red, beige, pink, green, grey, brown, yellow, mint, teak, and in rainbow color. Uses Sandstone was a common building material for larger structures, before reinforced concrete came into use in the middle of late 1800’s. Nevertheless, it is still put into various purposes such as for flooring or as paving materials since they are dug out from the ground in individual layers. Some sandstone is honed for a smoother finish and used for both interior and exterior applications. It is also used as flagstone for residential applications. Quartzite  is a metamorphic rock consisting of compact siliceous matter. It is formed from sandstone that after metamorphism alters to quartzite. Quartzite is used mainly as a building stone and as road metal. Fine grained compact quartzite is found in Gurgaon district of Haryana and is considerably used as a building stone. Rajasthan is the largest state that produces quartzite. Different quarries produce slabs and titles measuring 30 to 60 cm in width and 2 to 3 m in length Since most of these stones are taken from the ground in individual layers, they are typically used as flooring or paving materials. Most flagstone used in residential applications is sandstone. Most sandstones and quartzite have a â€Å"natural cleft† finish, meaning the finished surface is the way the stone came out of the ground. Some sandstones are honed for a smoother finish. Most sandstones are suitable for both interior and exterior application. The colors of sandstone, depending on the cements and impurities in the sand, are red, beige, pink, green, gray, brown, yellow, mint, teak, rainbow. The quartzite comes in black and white colors only. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES| Color| Minor color tonal variations exist but within the tolerance limit. | Hardness| 6 to 7 on Moh’s Scale Density 2. 32 to 2. 2 Kg/m3| Compressive Strength| 365 to 460 Kg/m2| Water Absorption| Not more than 1. 0 %| Modulus of Rupture| 197-200 Kg/cm2| Porosity| Low to very low. | Weather Impact| Resistant| CHEMICAL PROPERTIES| Chemically they are very resistant Mono-Mineralic rocks, principally of silica. | SiO2| 93-94%| Iron (Fe2O3)| 1. 5%-1. 6%| Alumina (Al2O3)| 1. 4 to 1. 5%| Soda (Na2O) ; P otash (Kro)| 1. 0% to 1. 2%| Lime (CaO)| 0. 8% to 0. 9%| Magnesia (MgO)| 0. 2 to 0. 25%| Loss On Ignition (LOI)| 1. 0% to 1. 2%. | They are highly resistant to avoids, alkalis and thermal impact. Insolubility in acids and alkalis is about 97%. | Breccia Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter). The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together. Uses The rock, breccia, has very few uses. However, the word â€Å"breccia† is used as a trade name for a group of dimension stone products with a broken, angular pattern. Names such as â€Å"Breccia Oniciata†, â€Å"Breccia Pernice† and â€Å"Breccia Damascata† are cut and polished limestones and marbles that reveal a broken, angular pattern. Marble Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. What is Hornfels? Hornfels is a fine-grained nonfoliated metamorphic rock with no specific composition. It is produced by contact metamorphism. Hornfels is a rock that was â€Å"baked† while near a heat source such as a magma chamber, sill or dike. What is Amphibolite? Amphibolite is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that forms through recrystallization under conditions of high viscosity and directed pressure. It is composed primarily of amphibole and plagioclase, usually with very little quartz. What is Flint? Flint is a hard, tough chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock that breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It is a form of microcrystalline quartz that is typically called â€Å"chert† by geologists. It often forms as nodules in sedimentary rocks such as chalk and marine limestones. The nodules can be dispersed randomly throughout the rock unit but are often concentrated in distinct layers. Some rock units form through the accumulation of silicious skeletal material. These can recrystallize to form a layer of bedded flint. Flint is highly resistant to weathering and is often found as pebbles or cobbles along streams and beaches. What is Welded Tuff? Welded Tuff is a rock that is composed of materials that were ejected from a volcano, fell to Earth, and then lithified into a rock. It is usually composed mainly of volcanic ash and sometimes contains larger size particles such as cinders. (igneous rock What is Diorite? Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock that contains a mixture of feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende and sometimes quartz. How to cite Jahangir, Papers

Leadership Trends

Question: Leadership development is essential in today's contemporary workplace and beyond. Research and report on current trends in Leadership Development. Select one trend and discuss in depth the importance of this trend for the future or leadership. Make recommendations for how this particular trend could be developed in the leaders of tomorrow. Answer: Introduction: It refers to any activity that increase the quality of leadership within a single or in any company. Leadership development has focused on the advancement of the leadership abilities and attitudes of ones. The purpose of leadership development is divided to three variables: Learning characteristics Nature of the leader A Leader must be supportive Leadership development focus on: Experiential learning: arranging individual in focus of the learning process, which is divided into different stages: Concrete experience Observation and demonstration Forming conceptual concept Performance of one's in different situations. Self efficacy: the right training and coaching should bring about 'Self efficacy' in the trainee or capabilities to produce effects. Vision: Developing the ability to formulate a clear image of the aspired future of an organization unit. Attitude: attitude plays a major role in being a leader. Various trends have been followed in the leadership, out of which one of such trends is leadership at a collective level, which is discussed in depth below: Leadership development trends: Leadership Development, some trends that are used in the development of leadership, They are: 1. Organizations should give priority to their importance on leadership development : Organizations, companies and other agencies are in danger without developing leadership due to different facts. For reducing these dangers, the forceful and working application of leadership development is very important for leadership development, organizations make a leadership meeting/committee to develop talent. 2. Organizations should make and implement a leadership development and strategy : Good leadership development needs a good strategy and plan. It doesn't only mean the implementation of a program, it needs a good leadership. All the strategies are unsuccessful without these programs, which means that they are of no use with good leadership. It is more than the singles. A Strategy defines the company's requirements. It includes the facts like at which level should a leader should be placed. This means that a proper leadership and a good strategy is required in an organization. 3. Leadership behavior should be renewed : Old leadership competencies are important, but these should be renewed time by time, so that, it doesn't get outdated, which indirectly a harm to the organization. Research revealed five facts that a renewing leadership competency: The need of new and creative thoughts and ideas of doing business and also management. The need of fast moving and flexible leaders. Competing all over the world. Management of people in organization, Different needs of employers 4. Leadership should be globalized : The mindsets and thinking globally can help in leadership development. It is, leaders need to understand local differences and also difference in culture, and work according to that, which makes it easier for leaders and organization to complete the task. Organizations are nowadays changing their business strategies to expand their business globally, for that leadership should be globalized. The need is that leader should think and act globally as well as locally and they should move beyond their geographical limits. 5. Being technologically savvy : Technological savvy is a very important fact for good leadership nowadays. More practical/technological knowledge a leader has, he/she is more efficient. Moreover, technology makes it easier to communicate between the leader and his/her employee, whatever they're geographically located. There is an increase in requirements of leading a physically dispersed team, so technology plays an important role. 6. Leadership development should aim all leaders in an organization : A research proves that all leadership development of leaders at all levels in an organization should be done. So, leadership is the most important key, by developing all leaders in a company like human resource, or any other leader. This means that development must be done at all levels. Trend: Developing Leadership at a Collective Level: These days organizations have strengthened the connection between a work of leaders, so that leadership can be developed, which made a difference between leadership and leader development. With the help of development of the individuals, leadership development can be done to make leaders. There is a need to concentrate on interpersonal connections between members in the team. The people who compromise the organization are one of the important resource that the organization possesses. Many organizations develop these kind of resources. The most important resource that an organization possesses is the people that comprise the organization, these resources of development are addressed by some organizations as leadership capability. The currently existing idea regarding the leadership nature, has emerged after through passing several decades. Novel ideas like emotional intelligence, keep on getting added to the previously existing ideas, like planning and organizing. A considerable research has been conducted about the attributes of those managers, who have been considered as high performers. However, various approaches have been adopted by various researchers for this task. A few of them have viewed these tasks as activities, others as skills and while some others as personal qualities. A majority of the organizations has used competence frameworks as a description of the required management behaviors, usually including the personal qualities along with activities. National Management Standards have been present since a decade and also have gone through amendments many times during that period. Such standards mainly reflect and focus upon the opinion on leadership and management rather than rigorous research. Several ideas related to leadership and management may apply to the senior managers, but may not apply to the middle or junior managers. Apart from that, there also exist limitations in terms of gender or nationality, etc. Impact of leadership and management on organizational performance: There is a strong relationship between the organizational performance and the practices of Human resource management. There exists a dual relationship between the leadership development and human resource management with regard to performance. Where, on one hand, the Human resource management is a vital area where management along with leadership development is applied. Since HRM contributes in improving the overall performance, it implies that leadership and management also contribute in improving the performance. While on the other hand, if viewed from a traditional viewpoint, the management as well as the leadership development is one of the several practices of the HRM, and the proof that it plays a role in the Human resource management effect along with various other parts of HRM, is equally true and important. Lastly, the research on the HRM performance is one of the most extensive and thorough research. This stream of research is crucial to the debate on the management and le adership development in various ways: Training is one of those HRM practices, which are related to the higher level of organizational performance. As a result of which, the management training, which forms a part of the broader training, makes a good amount of positive contribution in the performance of the organization. Rather, training activities and management development have been described by the famous researchers, Becker and Huselid as one of the one of the four key elements of the HRM systems. Managers play the dual role of input as well as output in an HRM. Almost all the processes of HRM recognized as important, are those, which are implemented by the managers with the help of their personal talent and skills. Besides this, the managers are also the principal trainers of training and development to the other members of staff. Thus, all the good and effective practices of the HRM are dependent on the managers of good quality. This argument holds good, especially, in some of the most recent research, which emphasizes the standard and quality of the implementation of HRM. Working of the Management and Leadership Development? The evidence as to how management and leadership development works is based upon the situations and circumstances. A practical example of this is, in order to get the benefit of the management and leadership development, a design of a suitable approach is required and it is different for different situations and a universal model of best practice is not adopted. It includes This point applies to both the processes, by which management and leadership capabilities are created by the management and leadership development along with the processes, this capability is utilized towards the achievement of performance. The proof about the first link suggests that development is required to be fitted and supported by a variety of strategies of learning on the part of learning individuals and groups. Both the formal as well as the informal methods of learning are required to be designed so as to support the natural learning, which goes on in the implementation of the leadership and the manageme nt work. With the change in the nature of society, the form of leadership capability and management has also changed. However, there are several different forms and means of organizational work which increase the diversification of the management and leadership capabilities. Those aspects of management and leadership capability, which are related to creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation have increased importance in many situations. The modes and methods, by which the management and leadership development have contributed to the organizational performance, and the forms with which they are developed vary according to the size and sector on the ethnicity, gender and other different categories for the purpose of learning individuals as well as groups. The approaches and methods of learning are different for different organizations. Both the private and the public sectors go through the change and a variety exists within as well as between these categories. These differences can b e best understood in terms of the various ranges of management and leadership capabilities, which are drawn on different circumstances. In the private as well as the public sectors, the capabilities, which are associated with the political working and with networks, which are outside the organizational settings seem to be increasingly important in the public as well as private sectors, and with special significance given to the public sector as compared to the previous practice. The management and leadership development becomes efficient in the organizational settings by the strong impact of the culture and practices of the HRM of those organizations. Recommendation for selected trends of Leadership Development that is beneficial for the future is leadership development should be Globalized: Globalization: Everybody keeps on talking about globalization, but word globalization is not clear to everyone and how to develop global leadership, it is even more confusing. Different skills used by global leaders. Some principles for globalizing the leadership development are: Thinking globally and Acting Globally: Global mindsets should be prepared. Global experiences, speaking different languages fluently, managing a globally diverse team, these are not important for globalization of leadership development. Only the mindsets and thinking globally can help in leadership development. The question is that what is global mindsets. It is, leaders need to understand local and cultural differences, and work according to that, which makes it easier for leaders and organization to complete the task. The similar situations are required, in which the local and the global elements demands are being forced, having been aware of the diversity across markets and cultures. Global workforce trends are divided into three parts 1. Macroeconomic: economic activities are being changed not only globally, but also regionally, and for this, leaders are required to think through the connections to their revenue streams; 2. Environmental and social: The importance of good leaders is making new ways in which talented leader leads their team globally. 3. Business and industry: Boundaries of a corporate/company are diminishing, on the other hand winning/healthy companies will supply capital. 4. Accept Diversity: Those organizations, which have a global thinking, accept their leaders in a program. They let their leaders interact with global issues and different kind of situations, and also with other leaders and the user of their organization. These leaders should not think that they have done any work earlier and so they can do it now also, because at the global level they have to adjust with diversity and work according to that. Accepting diversity not only includes accepting the cultural diversity, it includes working with a woman, and a leader should know how to deal with that situation. This needs a new way of thinking and also working in a new manner. Leaders and organizations which use today's technology and resources are in competition of other global organizations. These days, leaders are asking for technology rather than the cost reduction and the efficiency in processing. They want to use technology to reduce the physical distance, with the help of video conferencing and other useful tools for communication across the globe, whenever they want to use it. Usage of virtual networking, by the leaders plays a vital role to gather or send information quickly and use it efficiently makes a leader more efficient. Leverage Technology: Today's technology tools and resources are an aggressive asset for global companies. Today's leaders are demanding more from technology, they do not need technology only for process efficiency and related cost reduction processes. They expect technology to smash the work team across the globe in different ways: To make knowledge available for work team when required To provide telecommunication, video conferencing, meetings and sharing of application in different cities To make information available easily and in that particular format by which leaders and work team can use and reuse it anytime Virtual networking and collaboration makes the leader's role more effectively . Collaboration permits a successful change in company it occupies the work team who are in contact and creates a higher level of ownership for action to be taken. It assigns right projects to the right people at the right time. Be A Change Agent: New requirements for leaders are innovation and creativity, which makes them best in the global market. Leaders of previous market may have been successful in developed markets, but they face different problems, then today's emerging markets for which they are not prepared that makes those leaders unsuccessful in today's market, thats why they need to be up to date with today's technologies and tools. Reproducing best practice that they leveraged in today's emerging industry will lead to failure. There are many factors which make a successful leader few of them are knowledge, technical skills and experience, with the help of these factors global leaders are handling complexity. Leaders should be creative and innovative. Leaders which do not follow today's rules for doing business which uses old technology and old skills they are not that effective leader which today's company needs. Multigenerational influence and cultural intelligence are two factors which make a successful global l eader. Conclusion Several powerful insights have been revealed by the study of the global leadership development which may benefit organizations that look forward to compete globally. However, it is important to understand, while this study represents knowledge, technical skills and experience help to create the successful global business, it does not presume that every industry, company, or culture requires the same approach to global leadership. References: Ackerman, L. (1985). Leadership vs. Managership. Leadership Org Development J, 6(2), pp.17-19. Bush, R. (2002). Effective Nonprofit Management: The Leadership Factor. Nonprofit Management Leadership, 12(3), pp.327-333. Curtin, J. (2002). Teaching Versus Facilitating in Leadership Development. Journal of Leadership Education, 1(1), pp.58-67. Liu, K. (1999). Systemic leadership development. Leadership in Action, 19(3), pp.12-13. Lloyd, B. (1994). Leadership and Learning. Leadership Org Development J, 15(4), pp.19-26. Lloyd, B. (2001). Exploring inner leadership. Leadership Org Development J, 22(1). Mannion, K. (2009). Leadership for success. Leadership Org Development J, 30(7), pp.639-648. Probert, J. and Turnbull James, K. (2011). Leadership development: Crisis, opportunities and the leadership concept. Leadership, 7(2), pp.137-150. Tyler, M. (2006). Creating an incubator for global leadership. Leader to Leader, 2006(41), pp.71-74. Viitala, R. (2004). Towards knowledge leadership. Leadership Org Development J, 25(6), pp.528-544.